The answer to this question is somewhat tricky. The general answer is that most women are fertile for only a few days of their cycles. However, there are several factors to consider:
The woman's egg can only live up to 24-36 hours. Two or more eggs may be released over a maximum of 24 hours. So, in a vacum, a woman is only fertile for about a day or two. But a man's sperm can live up to 5 days, so the combined fertility of the two individuals is about a week.
For a couple trying to get pregnant, the woman's fertile phase is as long as she has fertile-quality cerical fluis, up through ovulation. That might be several days, or as few as one.